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Governance in 18th-century piracy
Pirates, despite being criminals, were very organized. As well as having crew members assigned certain duties, pirates found a way to reduce conflict among themselves and maximize profits. They used a democratic system, spelled out by written “articles of agreement,” to limit the captain’s power and to keep order on board the ship.
==Roles and duties on a pirate ship==
The captain was elected by all the men in the crew and could be replaced by a majority vote by the same. Cowardly or brutal captains were quickly voted out of their position.〔Ossian, Robert. "Roles and Duties On Board a Ship." Pirate's Cove. http://www.thepirateking.com/historical/ship_roles.htm (accessed November 27, 2010).〕 Captains were expected to be skilled and dependable seamen. They were also expected to be bold and decisive leaders〔Ossian, Robert. "Roles and Duties On Board a Ship."〕 since they made the most important decisions including how to engage a target, how to pursue prey, how to escape the authorities and how to deal with an attack. In the latter situations, there was no time for taking a vote and settling conflicting opinions.〔Leeson, Peter T. An-arrgh-chy: The law and economics of pirate organization. The Journal of Political Economy 115 (6) (Dec. 2007): pp. 1049-1094, http://www.journals.uchicago.edu.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/doi/full/10.1086/526403.〕
The quartermaster had the same authority as a captain (except during battle). The crew elected him to represent their interests. He commanded the captain and the rest of the crew. His other jobs included keeping order, settling conflicts between crew members and determining the amount of food and drink distributed to each crew member.〔Ossian, Robert. "Roles and Duties On Board a Ship."〕
The sailing master oversaw the navigation and sailing of the ship. Often, because of their skills, they were forced into service for pirates. The boatswain took care of the boat by supervising supplies, inspecting the ship every morning and reporting the condition of the ship to the captain. He also supervised deck activities including the handling of the sails and the weighing and dropping of the anchor. The carpenter, under the boatswain and quartermaster’s directions, repaired the ship. Sometimes, the carpenter would also be the surgeon on the ship. The master gunner ensured that the cannons and weapons were in working order. The mate (often there were first and second mates) usually worked under the ship’s master, boatswain, gunner or carpenter as an apprentice. Mates also outfitted the ship with ropes, pulleys, sails and other rigging as needed.〔Ossian, Robert. "Roles and Duties On Board a Ship."〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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